1 October 1561

After losing a league home match to local rivals Persebaya Surabaya, some 3,000 Arema supporters invaded the stadium's pitch and met with police resistance, causing a stampede that killed 135.

The International Court of Justice ruled that Chile was under no obligation to restore Bolivia's access to the Pacific Ocean, which it had lost in the 19th century.

A lone gunman fired more than 1,000 rounds of ammunition from his hotel suite on a crowd attending the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip, resulting in 60 deaths and 867 injuries.

A ferry collision off Lamma Island, Hong Kong, killed 39 people and injured 92 others.

A levy was imposed on the hiring of foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong, who numbered in the hundreds of thousands at the time.

Europol, the EU's law enforcement agency, was formed with the ratification of the Europol Convention by all member states.

A tribunal was established to consider matters relating to the constitution of Singapore upon referral by the president.

Croatian War of Independence: Yugoslav People's Army forces invaded the area surrounding Dubrovnik, Croatia, beginning a seven-month siege of the city.

Fifty Rwandan Patriotic Front rebels deserted their Ugandan Army posts and crossed the border from Uganda into Rwanda, marking the start of the Rwandan Civil War.

Civil unions between same-sex couples were legalised in Denmark, the first country to do so.

In boxing, Muhammad Ali defeated Joe Frazier in a match known as the "Thrilla in Manila".

Seven Indonesian National Armed Forces officers, six of them generals, were murdered at dawn by a rebellious force in Jakarta; the Army then blamed the Communist Party, leading to a mass anti-communist purge that killed up to one million people.

The Free Speech Movement was launched at the University of California, Berkeley, when a crowd of 3,000 students prevented police from transporting Jack Weinberg away after his arrest.

Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong publicly proclaimed (pictured) the establishment of the People's Republic of China in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.

Mensa, the largest and oldest high-IQ society in the world, was formed in the United Kingdom.

First World War: British and Arab troops captured Damascus from the Ottoman Empire.

A deputation of Muslim leaders led by the Aga Khan III met Indian viceroy Lord Minto to secure greater political representation, eventually leading to the founding of the All-India Muslim League.

Stanford University (pictured), founded by railroad magnate and politician Leland Stanford and his wife Jane in Palo Alto, California, admitted its first students.

At the encouragement of preservationist John Muir and writer Robert Underwood Johnson, the U.S. Congress established Yosemite National Park in California.

St Pancras railway station (pictured) in London, now the terminus of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, opened to the public.

The first political gathering of colonists (president pictured) in Mexican Texas convened to seek reforms from the Mexican government.

With the signing of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France in return for territories in the Italian region of Tuscany.

The Wonderful Parliament met at Westminster Abbey to address King Richard II's need for money, but soon changed focus to the reform of his administration.

Edgar acceded to the English throne upon the death of his brother Eadwig.