30 September 1581

President Martín Vizcarra dissolved the Congress of Peru, resulting in a constitutional crisis.

The Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published controversial editorial cartoons depicting Muhammad, sparking protests across the Islamic world by many who viewed them as Islamophobic and blasphemous.

Twelve-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah was shot dead in the Gaza Strip; the Israel Defense Forces initially accepted responsibility but retracted it five years later.

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a nonprofit organization that manages the assignment of domain names and IP addresses in the Internet, was incorporated.

Cheers, an American television sitcom, debuted with its pilot episode on NBC.

The Boeing AH-64 Apache (example pictured), the primary attack helicopter for a number of countries, made its first flight.

American film actor James Dean suffered fatal injuries in a head-on car accident near Cholame, California.

NBC broadcast the first televised American football game, between the Fordham Rams and the Waynesburg Yellow Jackets.

Second World War: General Władysław Sikorski (pictured) became the first prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile.

Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain, and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement, stipulating that Czechoslovakia must cede the Sudetenland to Germany.

Times Square Theater (pictured) opened on Broadway with a production of The Mirage, a play written by its owner, Edgar Selwyn.

Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus led insurgents to successfully ambush the Central Powers that occupied southern Ukraine during World War I.

The Vulcan Street Plant in Appleton, Wisconsin, the first hydroelectric central station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North America, went online.

Georges Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles premiered at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris.

Mozart conducted the premiere of his last opera, The Magic Flute, in Vienna.

Sue Takafusa, a retainer of the Ōuchi clan in western Japan, led a coup against the daimyō Ōuchi Yoshitaka, leading to the latter's forced suicide.

An Anglo-Breton army defeated a far larger Franco-Breton force in the first land battle of the Hundred Years' War.

Muslim conquest of Transoxiana: Türgesh tribesmen attacked and captured the exposed baggage train of the Umayyad army, sent ahead of the main force.

Hurricane Matthew becomes a Category 5 hurricane, making it the strongest hurricane to form in the Caribbean Sea since 2007.

Two paintings with a combined value of $100 million are recovered after having been stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in 2002.

The 7.6 Mw Sumatra earthquake leaves 1,115 people dead.

Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in a Danish newspaper.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Twelve-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah is shot and killed on the second day of the Second Intifada.

The Tokaimura nuclear accident causes the deaths of two technicians in Japan's second-worst nuclear accident.